Unknown "Structures" Tugging at Universe, Study Says
Started by *Charlie the Tuna~, Nov 07 2008 09:50 PM
15 replies to this topic
#1 *Charlie the Tuna~
Posted 07 November 2008 - 09:50 PM
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/20...-dark-flow.html
Unknown "Structures" Tugging at Universe, Study SaysJohn Roach
for National Geographic News
November 5, 2008
Something may be out there. Way out there.
On the outskirts of creation, unknown, unseen "structures" are tugging on our universe like cosmic magnets, a controversial new study says.
Everything in the known universe is said to be racing toward the massive clumps of matter at more than 2 million miles (3.2 million kilometers) an houra movement the researchers have dubbed dark flow.
The presence of the extra-universal matter suggests that our universe is part of something biggera multiverseand that whatever is out there is very different from the universe we know, according to study leader Alexander Kashlinsky, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
The theory could rewrite the laws of physics. Current models say the known, or visible, universewhich extends as far as light could have traveled since the big bangis essentially the same as the rest of space-time (the three dimensions of space plus time).
Picturing Dark Flow
Dark flow was named in a nod to dark energy and dark mattertwo other unexplained astrophysical phenomena.
The newfound flow cannot be explained by, and is not directly related to, the expansion of the universe, though the researchers believe the two types of movement are happening at the same time.
In an attempt to simplify the mind-bending concept, Kashlinsky says to picture yourself floating in the middle of a vast ocean. As far as the eye can see, the ocean is smooth and the same in every direction, just as most astronomers believe the universe is. You would think that beyond the horizon, therefore, nothing is different.
"But then you discover a faint but coherent flow in your ocean," Kashlinsky said. "You would deduce that the entire cosmos is not exactly like what you can see within your own horizon."
There must be an out-of-sight mountain river or ravine pushing or pulling the water. Or in the cosmological case, Kashlinsky speculates that "this motion is caused by structures well beyond the current cosmological horizon, which is more than 14 billion light-years away."
"We Found a Great Surprise"
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/20...ark-flow_2.html
Unknown "Structures" Tugging at Universe, Study Says
The study team didn't set out to explode physics as we know it.
They simply wanted to confirm the longstanding notion that the farther away galaxies are, the slower their motion should appear.
That movement is detectable in data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which NASA says "reveals conditions as they existed in the early universe by measuring the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation over the full sky"radiation thought to have been released about 380,000 years after the birth of the universe.
Hot gas in galaxy clusters warms the microwave background radiation, and "a very tiny component of this temperature fluctuation also contains in itself information about cluster velocity," Kashlinsky said.
If a cluster were moving faster or slower than the universe's background radiation, you'd expect to see the background heated slightly in that region of the universethe result of a sort of electron-scattering "friction" between the cluster's hot gas and particles in the background radiation.
Because these fluctuations are so faint, the team studied more than 700 galaxy clusters.
The researchers had expected to find that, the farther away clusters are, the slower they appear to be moving.
Instead, Kashlinsky said, "We found a great surprise."
The clusters were all moving at the same speednearly 2 million miles (3.2 million kilometers) an hour and in a single direction.
Though this dark flow was detected only in galaxy clusters, it should apply to every structure in the known universe, Kashlinsky said.
Explaining the Unexplainable
To explain the unexplainable flow, the team turned to the longstanding theory that rapid inflation just after the big bang had pushed chunks of matter beyond the known universe.
The extra-universal matter's extreme mass means it "could still pulltug onthe matter in our universe, causing this flow of galaxies across our observable horizon," said Kashlinsky, whose team's study appeared in the October 20 issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
"Strong Doubts"
Not everyone is ready to rewrite physics just yet.
Astrophysicist Hume Feldman of the University of Kansas has detected a similar, but weaker, flow.
He said the Kashlinsky team's study is "very interesting, very intriguing, [but] a lot more work needs to be done.
"It's suggestive that something's going on, but what exactly is going on? It basically tells us to investigate," he said.
David Spergel, an astrophysicist at Princeton University, echoed the sentiment.
"Until these results are reanalyzed by another group, I have strong doubts about the validity of the conclusions of this paper," he wrote in an email.
He added that, if the result does hold up, "it would have an important implication for our understanding of cosmology."
Study leader Kashlinsky agrees many questions remain unanswered. For starters: What exactly are these things that are apparently tugging our universe?
"They could be anything. As bizarre as you could imaginesome warped space-time," Kashlinsky said.
"Or maybe something dull."
Art -
http://bogietoday.bocaciegaalumni.com/scra...in%20Bottle.jpg
Song -
Don't Blink
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4ySSg4QG8g
Unknown "Structures" Tugging at Universe, Study SaysJohn Roach
for National Geographic News
November 5, 2008
Something may be out there. Way out there.
On the outskirts of creation, unknown, unseen "structures" are tugging on our universe like cosmic magnets, a controversial new study says.
Everything in the known universe is said to be racing toward the massive clumps of matter at more than 2 million miles (3.2 million kilometers) an houra movement the researchers have dubbed dark flow.
The presence of the extra-universal matter suggests that our universe is part of something biggera multiverseand that whatever is out there is very different from the universe we know, according to study leader Alexander Kashlinsky, an astrophysicist at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland.
The theory could rewrite the laws of physics. Current models say the known, or visible, universewhich extends as far as light could have traveled since the big bangis essentially the same as the rest of space-time (the three dimensions of space plus time).
Picturing Dark Flow
Dark flow was named in a nod to dark energy and dark mattertwo other unexplained astrophysical phenomena.
The newfound flow cannot be explained by, and is not directly related to, the expansion of the universe, though the researchers believe the two types of movement are happening at the same time.
In an attempt to simplify the mind-bending concept, Kashlinsky says to picture yourself floating in the middle of a vast ocean. As far as the eye can see, the ocean is smooth and the same in every direction, just as most astronomers believe the universe is. You would think that beyond the horizon, therefore, nothing is different.
"But then you discover a faint but coherent flow in your ocean," Kashlinsky said. "You would deduce that the entire cosmos is not exactly like what you can see within your own horizon."
There must be an out-of-sight mountain river or ravine pushing or pulling the water. Or in the cosmological case, Kashlinsky speculates that "this motion is caused by structures well beyond the current cosmological horizon, which is more than 14 billion light-years away."
"We Found a Great Surprise"
http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/20...ark-flow_2.html
Unknown "Structures" Tugging at Universe, Study Says
The study team didn't set out to explode physics as we know it.
They simply wanted to confirm the longstanding notion that the farther away galaxies are, the slower their motion should appear.
That movement is detectable in data from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP), which NASA says "reveals conditions as they existed in the early universe by measuring the properties of the cosmic microwave background radiation over the full sky"radiation thought to have been released about 380,000 years after the birth of the universe.
Hot gas in galaxy clusters warms the microwave background radiation, and "a very tiny component of this temperature fluctuation also contains in itself information about cluster velocity," Kashlinsky said.
If a cluster were moving faster or slower than the universe's background radiation, you'd expect to see the background heated slightly in that region of the universethe result of a sort of electron-scattering "friction" between the cluster's hot gas and particles in the background radiation.
Because these fluctuations are so faint, the team studied more than 700 galaxy clusters.
The researchers had expected to find that, the farther away clusters are, the slower they appear to be moving.
Instead, Kashlinsky said, "We found a great surprise."
The clusters were all moving at the same speednearly 2 million miles (3.2 million kilometers) an hour and in a single direction.
Though this dark flow was detected only in galaxy clusters, it should apply to every structure in the known universe, Kashlinsky said.
Explaining the Unexplainable
To explain the unexplainable flow, the team turned to the longstanding theory that rapid inflation just after the big bang had pushed chunks of matter beyond the known universe.
The extra-universal matter's extreme mass means it "could still pulltug onthe matter in our universe, causing this flow of galaxies across our observable horizon," said Kashlinsky, whose team's study appeared in the October 20 issue of the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
"Strong Doubts"
Not everyone is ready to rewrite physics just yet.
Astrophysicist Hume Feldman of the University of Kansas has detected a similar, but weaker, flow.
He said the Kashlinsky team's study is "very interesting, very intriguing, [but] a lot more work needs to be done.
"It's suggestive that something's going on, but what exactly is going on? It basically tells us to investigate," he said.
David Spergel, an astrophysicist at Princeton University, echoed the sentiment.
"Until these results are reanalyzed by another group, I have strong doubts about the validity of the conclusions of this paper," he wrote in an email.
He added that, if the result does hold up, "it would have an important implication for our understanding of cosmology."
Study leader Kashlinsky agrees many questions remain unanswered. For starters: What exactly are these things that are apparently tugging our universe?
"They could be anything. As bizarre as you could imaginesome warped space-time," Kashlinsky said.
"Or maybe something dull."
Art -
http://bogietoday.bocaciegaalumni.com/scra...in%20Bottle.jpg
Song -
Don't Blink
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4ySSg4QG8g
#4
Posted 08 November 2008 - 03:30 AM
Thanks for the excellent link and article
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
#5
Posted 08 November 2008 - 03:32 AM
QUOTE (Chocolate Thunder @ Nov 8 2008, 02:30 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Thanks for the excellent link and article
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
I read an Alan Dean Foster book based upon that exact premise about six months ago, and it was the first thing I thought of when I read the initial post on this thread.

"...you flawless perfect control freak." --Heywood
"Biggest Bitch South Of The (Canadian) Border." --Guest
"Shows how inconsiderate YOU are, Queen of Darkness." --SWSNBN
#6
Posted 08 November 2008 - 03:32 AM
QUOTE (Chocolate Thunder @ Nov 8 2008, 08:30 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Thanks for the excellent link and article
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
WRONG!!
But that is the source of gravity out there.
No Sig. Well, I guess if you want to be pedantic about it, the statement 'No Sig' is in itself a sig. Thereby rendering the whole exercise puerile and irrelevant in the extreme. Not that such trivialities ever stopped me before, after all, why the fuck should I care what anyone thinks about my sig, or lack thereof? In fact a rats nethers couldn't be donated by me, nor an act of airborne copulation. I sincerely hope this helps.
#7
Posted 08 November 2008 - 03:53 AM
thanks for the response ADQ.... .................... Trev remember gravity when you take a dump.
It is humorous how the state of astronomy physics science in it's inability to define the unknown,
merely placates itself by pronouncing the discovery of what it cannot see or define...
thus
Dark Matter
Dark Flow
this is almost comical.... notice the "Up Quark .... Down Quark.... Strange quark.."
Like a Dr Suess green eggs and hamsters galaxy
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2002/0211...tration_300.jpg

In any case ...point being .... how many universes can one "fractally fit" or squeeze into a single quark?
there is no such thing as empty space and dark matter only exists because scientsist cannot see or quantify it
http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn12...quark-star.html
Was the brightest supernova the birth of a quark star?
But some physicists say that when matter is crushed to extreme densities, it settles into a soup of individual quarks.
A cubic centimetre of this new type of matter – dubbed 'strange' after one of the six types of quark –
would weigh as much as a billion tonnes and would have the unusual property of converting any ordinary matter that touches it into more strange matter,
releasing energy in the process
http://space.newscientist.com/data/images/...12514-1_600.jpg

http://www.rarf.riken.jp/lab/radiation/radiation2006.html
At RHIC QGP, Quark Gluon Plasma, should be created by colliding two gold nuclei,
through which we can study the state of early Universe just after the Big Bang.
Our recent discoveries are summarized in Nucl. Phys. A757: 184-283, 2005 which announces "formation of a new state of dense matter.".
http://www.rarf.riken.jp/lab/radiation/image5B4.JPG
It is humorous how the state of astronomy physics science in it's inability to define the unknown,
merely placates itself by pronouncing the discovery of what it cannot see or define...
thus
Dark Matter
Dark Flow
this is almost comical.... notice the "Up Quark .... Down Quark.... Strange quark.."
Like a Dr Suess green eggs and hamsters galaxy
http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2002/0211...tration_300.jpg

In any case ...point being .... how many universes can one "fractally fit" or squeeze into a single quark?
there is no such thing as empty space and dark matter only exists because scientsist cannot see or quantify it
http://space.newscientist.com/article/dn12...quark-star.html
Was the brightest supernova the birth of a quark star?
But some physicists say that when matter is crushed to extreme densities, it settles into a soup of individual quarks.
A cubic centimetre of this new type of matter – dubbed 'strange' after one of the six types of quark –
would weigh as much as a billion tonnes and would have the unusual property of converting any ordinary matter that touches it into more strange matter,
releasing energy in the process
http://space.newscientist.com/data/images/...12514-1_600.jpg

http://www.rarf.riken.jp/lab/radiation/radiation2006.html
At RHIC QGP, Quark Gluon Plasma, should be created by colliding two gold nuclei,
through which we can study the state of early Universe just after the Big Bang.
Our recent discoveries are summarized in Nucl. Phys. A757: 184-283, 2005 which announces "formation of a new state of dense matter.".
http://www.rarf.riken.jp/lab/radiation/image5B4.JPG
#8
Posted 08 November 2008 - 04:03 AM
http://www.bnl.gov/bnlweb/pubaf/pr/PR_display.asp?prID=05-38
The Multiverse is an infinite ocean of universes ........
QUOTE
But analysis of RHIC data from the start of operations in June 2000 through the 2003 physics run
reveals that the matter formed in RHIC's head-on collisions
of gold ions
is more like a liquid than a gas.
That evidence comes from measurements of unexpected patterns in the trajectories taken by the thousands of particles produced in individual collisions.
These measurements indicate that the primordial particles produced in the collisions
tend to move collectively in response to variations of pressure across the volume formed by the colliding nuclei.
Scientists refer to this phenomenon as "flow,"
since it is analogous to the properties of fluid motion.
reveals that the matter formed in RHIC's head-on collisions
of gold ions
is more like a liquid than a gas.
That evidence comes from measurements of unexpected patterns in the trajectories taken by the thousands of particles produced in individual collisions.
These measurements indicate that the primordial particles produced in the collisions
tend to move collectively in response to variations of pressure across the volume formed by the colliding nuclei.
Scientists refer to this phenomenon as "flow,"
since it is analogous to the properties of fluid motion.
QUOTE
One subset of calculations uses the methods of string theory to predict the viscosity of the liquid being created at RHIC
and to explain some of the other surprising findings.
Such studies will provide a more quantitative understanding of how "nearly perfect" the liquid is.
and to explain some of the other surprising findings.
Such studies will provide a more quantitative understanding of how "nearly perfect" the liquid is.
The Multiverse is an infinite ocean of universes ........
#9
Posted 08 November 2008 - 04:03 AM

"...you flawless perfect control freak." --Heywood
"Biggest Bitch South Of The (Canadian) Border." --Guest
"Shows how inconsiderate YOU are, Queen of Darkness." --SWSNBN
#10
Posted 08 November 2008 - 04:14 AM
QUOTE (Authentic Drama Queen @ Nov 8 2008, 04:03 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
cool articles
QUOTE
During the time it takes you to read this article, something will happen high overhead that until recently many scientists didn't believe in.
A magnetic portal will open, linking Earth to the sun 93 million miles away.
Tons of high-energy particles may flow through the opening before it closes again, around the time you reach the end of the page.
"It's called a flux transfer event or 'FTE,'" says space physicist David Sibeck of the Goddard Space Flight Center.
A magnetic portal will open, linking Earth to the sun 93 million miles away.
Tons of high-energy particles may flow through the opening before it closes again, around the time you reach the end of the page.
"It's called a flux transfer event or 'FTE,'" says space physicist David Sibeck of the Goddard Space Flight Center.
Notice the word ..."flow" .... as in liquidic in nature... as suggested in my last links posted
i.e.
The Solar Wind ... as well...
is
a fluid energy current. ....
and so our universe is in a vectored "flow" ...it is in the slipstream of fractal universes ...
cool stuff
gnite
#11
Posted 08 November 2008 - 07:36 AM
"Most" of it makes perfect sense and is very logical in theory. "As is above-so is below". We can gather a good bit of knowledge regarding universal workings from observing the world around us.
EVERYTHING IS IN MOTION! To stand still is to stagnate and leads to certain death. Look at the earthly examples of water to see this one fact. All this motion on earth is just a microcosm of the movements of a far grander scale in the universe and beyond. Our tides "ebb and flow", so do thewaters of the universe. Water follows gravity, expands/contracts according to temperature, even "dissappears" when turned into steam only to re-emerge as water after cooling.
The really incredible fact of this is that our bodies are largely water filled vessels. WATER is the key element for life in our part of the world. Most human bodies become sickly when their occupants allow them to stagnate in front of tv's, on bar stools, and in offices. We now have more disease and stagnation setting upon the human forms than ever before in our history! The doctors coin new words and chemists design new drugs, to define/treat what they believe to be illnesses,which are really nothing but matters of human stagnation. Our new "inside jobs" are not balanced by most with some form of daily physical activity. People have the FALSE belief that all the "mental excercies they perform with their intellects are good substitutes for lack of physical excercise when they are in fact, not. It's not gonna be pretty when the economy and other things influence the people to start becoming nomadic again, after all these years of stagnation. I pray that people will at the very least, get back to walking a couple miles each day. It will be well worth the effort very soon.
Yah, I know--thread drift huh? lol.
EVERYTHING IS IN MOTION! To stand still is to stagnate and leads to certain death. Look at the earthly examples of water to see this one fact. All this motion on earth is just a microcosm of the movements of a far grander scale in the universe and beyond. Our tides "ebb and flow", so do thewaters of the universe. Water follows gravity, expands/contracts according to temperature, even "dissappears" when turned into steam only to re-emerge as water after cooling.
The really incredible fact of this is that our bodies are largely water filled vessels. WATER is the key element for life in our part of the world. Most human bodies become sickly when their occupants allow them to stagnate in front of tv's, on bar stools, and in offices. We now have more disease and stagnation setting upon the human forms than ever before in our history! The doctors coin new words and chemists design new drugs, to define/treat what they believe to be illnesses,which are really nothing but matters of human stagnation. Our new "inside jobs" are not balanced by most with some form of daily physical activity. People have the FALSE belief that all the "mental excercies they perform with their intellects are good substitutes for lack of physical excercise when they are in fact, not. It's not gonna be pretty when the economy and other things influence the people to start becoming nomadic again, after all these years of stagnation. I pray that people will at the very least, get back to walking a couple miles each day. It will be well worth the effort very soon.
Yah, I know--thread drift huh? lol.
#12
Posted 08 November 2008 - 03:23 PM
Herbertsmithite
http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns...4.200-1_290.jpg
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg19325954.200
The universe is a string-net liquid
In the experiment, electrons moving in the interface between two semiconductors behaved as though they were made up of particles with only a fraction of the electron's charge. This so-called fractional quantum hall effect (FQHE) suggested that electrons may not be elementary particles after all. However, it soon became clear that electrons under certain conditions can congregate in a way that gives them the illusion of having fractional charge - an explanation that earned Laughlin, Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui the Nobel prize (New Scientist, 31 January 1998, p 36).
Wen suspected that the effect could be an example of a new type of matter. Different phases of matter are characterised by the way their atoms are organised. In a liquid, for instance, atoms are randomly distributed, whereas atoms in a solid are rigidly positioned in a lattice. FQHE systems are different. "If you take a snapshot of the position of electrons in an FQHE system they appear random and you think you have a liquid," says Wen. But step back, and you see that, unlike in a liquid, the electrons dance around each other in well-defined steps
It is as if the electrons are entangled. Today, physicists use the term to describe a property in quantum mechanics in which particles can be linked despite being separated by great distances. Wen speculated that FQHE systems represented a state of matter in which entanglement was an intrinsic property, with particles tied to each other in a complicated manner across the entire material.
This led Wen and Levin to the idea that there may be a different way of thinking about matter. What if electrons were not really elementary, but were formed at the ends of long "strings" of other, fundamental particles? They formulated a model in which such strings are free to move "like noodles in a soup" and weave together into huge "string-nets".
Light and matter unified
The pair ran simulations to see if their string-nets could give rise to conventional particles and fractionally charged quasi-particles. They did. They also found something even more surprising. As the net of strings vibrated, it produced a wave that behaved according to a very familiar set of laws - Maxwell's equations, which describe the behaviour of light. "A hundred and fifty years after Maxwell wrote them down, here they emerged by accident," says Wen.
That wasn't all. They found that their model naturally gave rise to other elementary particles, such as quarks, which make up protons and neutrons, and the particles responsible for some of the fundamental forces, such as gluons and the W and Z bosons.
From this, the researchers made another leap. Could the entire universe be modelled in a similar way? "Suddenly we realised, maybe the vacuum of our whole universe is a string-net liquid," says Wen. "It would provide a unified explanation of how both light and matter arise." So in their theory elementary particles are not the fundamental building blocks of matter. Instead, they emerge from the deeper structure of the non-empty vacuum of space-time.
"Wen and Levin's theory is really beautiful stuff," says Michael Freedman, 1986 winner of the Fields medal, the highest prize in mathematics, and a quantum computing specialist at Microsoft Station Q at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "I admire their approach, which is to be suspicious of anything - electrons, photons, Maxwell's equations - that everyone else accepts as fundamental."
Other theories that try to explain the same phenomena abound, of course; Wen and Levin realise that the burden of proof is on them. It may not be far off. Their model predicts specific arrangements of atoms in the new state of matter, which they dub the "string-net liquid", and Young Lee's group at MIT might have found it.
Lee was aware of Wen's work and decided to look for such materials.
Trawling through geology journals, his team spotted a candidate - a dark green crystal that geologists stumbled across in the mountains of Chile in 1972.
"The geologists named it after a mineralogist they really admired, Herbert Smith, labelled it and put it to one side," says Lee.
"They didn't realise the potential herbertsmithite would have for physicists years later."
Herbertsmithite (pictured)
is unusual because its electrons are arranged in a triangular lattice. Normally, electrons prefer to line up so that their spins are in the opposite direction to that of their immediate neighbours, but in a triangle this is impossible - there will always be neighbouring electrons spinning in the same direction. Wen and his colleagues propose that such a system would be a string-net liquid.
Although herbertsmithite
exists in nature,
the mineral contains impurities that disrupt any string-net signatures, says Lee.
So Lee's team made a pure sample in the lab.
"It was painstaking," says Lee. "It took us a full year to prepare it and another year to analyse it."
The team measured the degree of magnetisation in the material, in response to an applied magnetic field.
If herbertsmithite behaves like ordinary matter, they argue, then below about 26 °C the spins of its electrons should stop fluctuating -
a condition called magnetic order. But the team found no such transition, even down to just a fraction above absolute zero.
They measured other properties, too, such as heat conduction.
In conventional solids, the relationship between their temperature and their ability to conduct heat changes below a certain temperature,
because the structure of the material changes.
The team found no sign of such a transition in herbertsmithite,
suggesting that, unlike other types of matter, its lowest energy state has no discernible order.
"We could have created something in the lab that nobody has seen before," says Lee.
The team plans further tests to visualise the position of individual electrons, looking for long-range entanglement by firing neutrons at the crystal and observing how they scatter.
"We want to see the dynamics of the spin," says Lee. "If we tweak one [electron], we can see how the others are affected."
This intrigues Paul Fendley, a quantum computing specialist at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville (see "Silicon for a quantum age").
"It's reasonable to hope that we are seeing something exotic here," he says. "People are getting very excited about this."
Even if herbertsmithite is not a new state of matter,
we shouldn't be surprised if one is found soon, as many teams are hunting for them, says Freedman. He says people wrongly assume that particle accelerators are the only places where big discoveries about matter can be made. "Accelerators are just recreating conditions after the big bang and repeating experiments that are old hat for the universe," he says. "But in labs people are creating [conditions] that are colder than anywhere that has ever existed in the universe. We are bound to stumble on something the universe has never seen before."
http://www.newscientist.com/data/images/ns...4.200-1_290.jpg
http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg19325954.200
The universe is a string-net liquid
In the experiment, electrons moving in the interface between two semiconductors behaved as though they were made up of particles with only a fraction of the electron's charge. This so-called fractional quantum hall effect (FQHE) suggested that electrons may not be elementary particles after all. However, it soon became clear that electrons under certain conditions can congregate in a way that gives them the illusion of having fractional charge - an explanation that earned Laughlin, Horst Störmer and Daniel Tsui the Nobel prize (New Scientist, 31 January 1998, p 36).
Wen suspected that the effect could be an example of a new type of matter. Different phases of matter are characterised by the way their atoms are organised. In a liquid, for instance, atoms are randomly distributed, whereas atoms in a solid are rigidly positioned in a lattice. FQHE systems are different. "If you take a snapshot of the position of electrons in an FQHE system they appear random and you think you have a liquid," says Wen. But step back, and you see that, unlike in a liquid, the electrons dance around each other in well-defined steps
It is as if the electrons are entangled. Today, physicists use the term to describe a property in quantum mechanics in which particles can be linked despite being separated by great distances. Wen speculated that FQHE systems represented a state of matter in which entanglement was an intrinsic property, with particles tied to each other in a complicated manner across the entire material.
This led Wen and Levin to the idea that there may be a different way of thinking about matter. What if electrons were not really elementary, but were formed at the ends of long "strings" of other, fundamental particles? They formulated a model in which such strings are free to move "like noodles in a soup" and weave together into huge "string-nets".
Light and matter unified
The pair ran simulations to see if their string-nets could give rise to conventional particles and fractionally charged quasi-particles. They did. They also found something even more surprising. As the net of strings vibrated, it produced a wave that behaved according to a very familiar set of laws - Maxwell's equations, which describe the behaviour of light. "A hundred and fifty years after Maxwell wrote them down, here they emerged by accident," says Wen.
That wasn't all. They found that their model naturally gave rise to other elementary particles, such as quarks, which make up protons and neutrons, and the particles responsible for some of the fundamental forces, such as gluons and the W and Z bosons.
From this, the researchers made another leap. Could the entire universe be modelled in a similar way? "Suddenly we realised, maybe the vacuum of our whole universe is a string-net liquid," says Wen. "It would provide a unified explanation of how both light and matter arise." So in their theory elementary particles are not the fundamental building blocks of matter. Instead, they emerge from the deeper structure of the non-empty vacuum of space-time.
"Wen and Levin's theory is really beautiful stuff," says Michael Freedman, 1986 winner of the Fields medal, the highest prize in mathematics, and a quantum computing specialist at Microsoft Station Q at the University of California, Santa Barbara. "I admire their approach, which is to be suspicious of anything - electrons, photons, Maxwell's equations - that everyone else accepts as fundamental."
Other theories that try to explain the same phenomena abound, of course; Wen and Levin realise that the burden of proof is on them. It may not be far off. Their model predicts specific arrangements of atoms in the new state of matter, which they dub the "string-net liquid", and Young Lee's group at MIT might have found it.
Lee was aware of Wen's work and decided to look for such materials.
Trawling through geology journals, his team spotted a candidate - a dark green crystal that geologists stumbled across in the mountains of Chile in 1972.
"The geologists named it after a mineralogist they really admired, Herbert Smith, labelled it and put it to one side," says Lee.
"They didn't realise the potential herbertsmithite would have for physicists years later."
Herbertsmithite (pictured)
is unusual because its electrons are arranged in a triangular lattice. Normally, electrons prefer to line up so that their spins are in the opposite direction to that of their immediate neighbours, but in a triangle this is impossible - there will always be neighbouring electrons spinning in the same direction. Wen and his colleagues propose that such a system would be a string-net liquid.
Although herbertsmithite
exists in nature,
the mineral contains impurities that disrupt any string-net signatures, says Lee.
So Lee's team made a pure sample in the lab.
"It was painstaking," says Lee. "It took us a full year to prepare it and another year to analyse it."
The team measured the degree of magnetisation in the material, in response to an applied magnetic field.
If herbertsmithite behaves like ordinary matter, they argue, then below about 26 °C the spins of its electrons should stop fluctuating -
a condition called magnetic order. But the team found no such transition, even down to just a fraction above absolute zero.
They measured other properties, too, such as heat conduction.
In conventional solids, the relationship between their temperature and their ability to conduct heat changes below a certain temperature,
because the structure of the material changes.
The team found no sign of such a transition in herbertsmithite,
suggesting that, unlike other types of matter, its lowest energy state has no discernible order.
"We could have created something in the lab that nobody has seen before," says Lee.
The team plans further tests to visualise the position of individual electrons, looking for long-range entanglement by firing neutrons at the crystal and observing how they scatter.
"We want to see the dynamics of the spin," says Lee. "If we tweak one [electron], we can see how the others are affected."
This intrigues Paul Fendley, a quantum computing specialist at the University of Virginia, Charlottesville (see "Silicon for a quantum age").
"It's reasonable to hope that we are seeing something exotic here," he says. "People are getting very excited about this."
Even if herbertsmithite is not a new state of matter,
we shouldn't be surprised if one is found soon, as many teams are hunting for them, says Freedman. He says people wrongly assume that particle accelerators are the only places where big discoveries about matter can be made. "Accelerators are just recreating conditions after the big bang and repeating experiments that are old hat for the universe," he says. "But in labs people are creating [conditions] that are colder than anywhere that has ever existed in the universe. We are bound to stumble on something the universe has never seen before."
#15 *Guest~
Posted 03 November 2011 - 08:55 AM
QUOTE (Authentic Drama Queen @ Nov 8 2008, 03:32 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
QUOTE (Chocolate Thunder @ Nov 8 2008, 02:30 AM) <{POST_SNAPBACK}>
Thanks for the excellent link and article
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
what they call Universal "Dark Flow",
that appears to be vectored to a multiversal source,
could easily be categorized as a Universal Fractal Energy Flow
towards a focalized Multiversal expansion.
Now consider a billion universes in a multiversal hive of universes.
Flow patterns of one universe associate and assimilate to the nearest higher energy fractal universal energy flow?
dunno
maybe
I read an Alan Dean Foster book based upon that exact premise about six months ago, and it was the first thing I thought of when I read the initial post on this thread.
Which would be why the concept of fractals is not a silly one.
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